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Cannabis and time perception
The effect of cannabis on time perception has been studied with inconclusive results.〔Atakan Z, Morrison P, Bossong MG, Martin-santos R, Crippa JA. (The effect of cannabis on perception of time: a critical review ). ''Curr Pharm Des''. 2012;18(32):4915-22.〕 Studies show consistently throughout the literature that most cannabis users self-report the experience of a slowed perception of time.〔Stolick, Matt (2008). ''Otherwise Law-Abiding Citizens: A Scientific and Moral Assessment of Cannabis Use''. Lexington Books. ISBN 0739131613〕〔Green B, Kavanagh D, Young R. (Being stoned: a review of self-reported cannabis effects ). Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003;22(4):453-60.〕 In the laboratory, researchers have confirmed the effect of cannabis on the perception of time in both humans and animals.〔Iversen L. (Cannabis and the brain ). ''Brain''. 2003;126(Pt 6):1252-70.〕 Studies have sought to explain how cannabis changes the internal clock. Matthew et al. (1998) looked at the cerebellum, positing a relationship between cerebellar blood flow and the distortion of time perception.〔Stella N. (Chronic THC intake modifies fundamental cerebellar functions ). ''J Clin Invest''. 2013;123(8):3208-10.〕
==Psychoactive effects==
Reports of the effects of cannabis on time perception can be found first in arts and literature, and then in medical reports and studies. Notable discussions of the effects occur in "Le Club des Hachichin" (1846), a work by French poet Théophile Gautier, and in ''Les Paradis Artificiels'' (1860), a work by Charles Baudelaire. French physician Jacques-Joseph Moreau studied the effects of cannabis with the help of Gautier and other artists who experimented with hashish in the Club des Hashischins.〔
*Earleywine, Mitch (2002). ''Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019988143X.〕 Moreau published his findings in ''Hashish and Mental Illness: Psychological Studies'' (1846), noting that hashish caused "errors of time and space" and "time dragging".〔
Later, in 1958, South African physician Frances Ames studied the effects of cannabis extract, noting the "disordered time perception" experienced by her subjects where "brief periods seemed immensely long".〔Jones, Helen Cc; Paul W. Lovinger (1985) ''The Marijuana Question and Science's Search for an Answer''. Dodd Mead. ISBN 0396083994.〕 American poet Allen Ginsberg's "First Manifesto to End the Bringdown" (1966) noted that "the vast majority all over the world who have smoked the several breaths necessary to feel the effect, adjust to the strangely familiar sensation of Time slow-down."〔Ginsberg, Allen (November 1966). (The Great Marijuana Hoax: First Manifesto to End the Bringdown ). ''The Atlantic Monthly'', pp. 104, 107-112.〕 American physician Jerome Groopman of Harvard Medical School, reported that the "perception of time is altered, generally with perceived time faster than clock time" in people who have ingested cannabis.〔Groopman, Jerome. (February 20, 2014). (Marijuana: The High and the Low ). ''The New York Review of Books''. Retrieved August 9, 2014.〕 Multiple review studies have confirmed these reports.〔Chait, L. D., & Pierri, J. (1992). Effects of smoked marijuana on human performance: a critical review. Marijuana/cannabinoids: Neurobiology and neurophysiology, 387, 423.〕〔
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